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Mittwoch, 22. Juni 2016

ABOUT THE NOAA





Die National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; deutsch Nationale Ozean- und Atmosphärenbehörde) ist die Wetter- und Ozeanografiebehörde der Vereinigten Staaten. Sie wurde am 3. Oktober 1970 als eine Einrichtung des Handelsministeriums gegründet (Gründer: Richard Nixon), um die nationalen Ozean- und Atmosphärendienste zu koordinieren. Ihr Sitz ist die Bundeshauptstadt Washington, D.C. Der US-Senat bestätigte am 6. März 2014 Kathryn Sullivan als NOAA-Direktorin, nachdem sie schon am 28. Februar 2013 diese Funktion vorläufig übernommen hatte.[1]

Gliederung
Die NOAA besteht aus fünf größeren Organisationen:
o          National Weather Service (NWS)[2]
o          National Ocean Service (NOS)[3] mit seinem
         National Geodetic Survey (NGS)
o          National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)[4]
o          National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS)[5]
o          NOAA Research (OAR)[6]
Unterstützt werden diese Teilorganisationen durch das National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps, eine uniformierte Einheit, die Schiffe und Flugzeuge betreibt und wissenschaftliche Missionen unterstützt. Die NOAA Corps sind einer der sieben Uniformed Services of the United States.
Die NOAA ist Mitglied der Internationalen Charta für Weltraum und Naturkatastrophen.
Programme
Derzeitige Großprogramme sind das OGP & Arctic Research Program (Climate Program Office), das National Sea Grant College Program und das Ocean Exploration Program & NOAA's Undersea Research Program (Office of Ocean Exploration & Research). Bei letzterem wurde auch das Hydrothermalfeld Lost City im Atlantik näher untersucht.
Unwetter-Alarm-Funk
Mit entsprechend eingerichteten Radioempfängern und/oder Amateurfunkgeräten kann das National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Weather Radio (NWR), der Wetterfunk von NOAA abgehört werden. Zahlreiche Empfänger verfügen über eine automatische Alarmauswertung, ähnlich dem deutschen Verkehrsfunk. Ein derartiges Wetterfunksystem ist in Westeuropa nicht vorhanden.
Kostenlose digitale Seekarten
Die NOAA ist verpflichtet[7], kostenlos vollständige, aktuelle digitale Seekarten und Berichtigungen bereitzustellen (zur Verbesserung der Sicherheit in den nationalen Küstengewässern sowie in allen Gewässern, für die die NOAA eigene Seekarten erstellt).[8] Die über das Internet zu beziehenden standardisierten Datensätze sind zum Teil tages- oder wochenaktuell. Die Weitergabe dieser digitalen Datensammlungen ist ebenfalls nicht beschränkt, solange dies kostenfrei und in ausschließlich digitaler Form stattfindet.
Die generellen Ausrüstungs- und Nutzungspflichten mit geeigneten Papierseekarten bleiben bestehen, so dass es sich formal nur um ein zusätzliches Angebot handelt. Die digitalen Karten der NOAA werden auf nahezu allen US-amerikanischen Schiffen genutzt, auf denen der dauerhafte Betrieb eines Computers und eines GPS-Empfängers technisch vertretbar ist (Stromversorgung, geschützter Raum für die Elektronik); dies reduzierte die Zahl der Zwischenfälle durch Navigationsfehler und veraltete Seekarten.
Der Absatz von Papierseekarten nahm – entgegen der Erwartung – parallel zur Verbreitung der digitalen Seekarten zu, vor allem für Seegebiete, in denen die digitalen Berichtigungen zu nennenswerten Änderungen gegenüber der Papierkarte führen. Insbesondere Wassersportler und Küstenschiffer, die keine regelmäßigen manuellen Berichtigungen ihrer Seekarten vornehmen, werden durch die offensichtlichen Veränderungen in ihrem Fahrgebiet zum frühzeitigen Neukauf ihrer Pflichtausrüstung animiert.
NOAA-Satelliten
 Als NOAA werden auch die dem POES-Projekt der NOAA-Behörde zugehörigen Satelliten NOAA-1 bis NOAA-19 bezeichnet. Die NOAA-Satelliten sind LEO-Wettersatelliten der TIROS-Satellitenreihe, die teilweise baugleiche Instrumente mit dem europäischen Pendant MetOp haben. Allerdings sind die NOAA-Satelliten schon seit vielen Jahren produktiv und die Bilder sind für private Zwecke und zu Lehr- und Forschungszwecken freigegeben. Eine Freigabe für amtliche und kommerzielle Wetterdienste in Europa war erst mit Inbetriebnahme von MetOp über die EU-Organisation EUMETSAT möglich, da dann im Gegenzug auch die NOAA-Behörde auf Daten des Satelliten MetOp zugreifen durfte. Amateur-, Wetter- und Funkstationen können mit einem Dekoder automatisiert auf die NOAA-Satelliten zugreifen und dürfen die anschließend nachbearbeiteten Bilder zu nichtkommerziellen Zwecken ins Internet stellen.
Die Besonderheit der NOAA-Satelliten des POES-Projektes ist, dass diese in einer polaren Umlaufbahn arbeiten. Durch die geringe Höhe von nur rund 820 Kilometern ist die Auflösung wesentlich besser als bei geostationären Wettersatelliten wie GOES oder das europäische Pendant Meteosat. Dagegen verringert sich durch die niedrige Flughöhe das Blickfeld der Instrumente, so dass keine große Flächen gleichzeitig erfasst werden können. Im Laufe eines Tages sieht er jedoch nahezu die gesamte Erdoberfläche. Weiterhin ist die Schwäche der geostationären gegenüber der polaren Umlaufbahn, dass diese parallel zum Äquator verläuft. Beobachtungen in der Polregion und im Nordatlantik, der „Wetterküche“ Europas, sind nur unter einem großen Winkel möglich, was die Qualität der Bilder weiter reduziert. Diese Schwierigkeiten sind bei einem Wettersatelliten auf einer polaren Umlaufbahn nicht vorhanden.
Durch höhere Auflösung der Bilder, bessere Beobachtung der Polar- und Nordatlantikregion und durch Erfassung der Messgrößen Bodentemperatur und Feuchtigkeitsverteilung war der NOAA-Behörde es mittels der NOAA-Satelliten möglich, das zuverlässige Vorhersageintervall von drei auf fünf Tage zu verlängern. Auf Grund der verbesserten Beobachtungsintensität und -genauigkeit ("improvements in observational tools and analysis techniques") weist die Behörde in einer Studie nach, dass entgegen vielerlei Befürchtungen die Anzahl tropischer Wirbelstürme während des 20. Jahrhunderts im Nord-Atlantik nicht zugenommen hat.[9]
Zusammen mit der NASA entwickelt die NOAA im JPSS-Programm (Joint Polar Satellite System), ursprünglich ziviler Teil des eingestellten National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite Systems, eine neue Generation von Satelliten für polare Orbits. Der 2011 in den Umlauf gebrachte Satellit Suomi NPP wird als Brücke zur alten Satellitengeneration angesehen. Für das Jahr 2017 ist der Start des ersten Satelliten der neuen Reihe, JPSS-1, geplant.[10]
Liste der Satelliten
Siehe auch: Liste der Erdbeobachtungssatelliten
Name  Start[11]
Startort            Rakete Größe/Masse  Bemerkungen Status
NOAA 1 (ITOS A)     11. Dezember 1970    Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-N6
1,0 x 1,0 x 1,2 m        mit CEP 1 gestartet    stillgelegt
NOAA 2 (ITOS D)     15. Oktober 1972       Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-300            1,0 x 1,0 x 1,2 m        mit AMSAT P2A gestartet    stillgelegt
NOAA 3 (ITOS F)      6. November 1973      Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-300            1,0 x 1,0 x 1,2 m                    stillgelegt
NOAA 4 (ITOS G)     15. November 1974    Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-2310            1,0 x 1,0 x 1,2 m        mit AMSAT P2B (OSCAR 7), Intasat
stillgelegt
NOAA 5 (ITOS E2) (ex ITOS C)      29. Juli 1976   Vandenberg SLC-2W            Delta-2310      1,0 x 1,0 x 1,2 m                    stillgelegt
NOAA 6 (A)   27. Juni 1979  Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS
                        stillgelegt
NOAA B         29. Mai 1980  Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS              Fehlstart         
NOAA 7 (C)
23. Juni 1981  Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS                         stillgelegt
NOAA 8 (E)   28. März 1983            Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS      1712 kg                       stillgelegt
NOAA 9 (F)    12. Dezember 1984    Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS      1712 kg                       stillgelegt
NOAA 10 (G) 17. September 1986   Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS      1712 kg                       stillgelegt
NOAA 11 (H) 24. September 1988   Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS      1712 kg                       stillgelegt
NOAA 12 (D) 14. Mai 1991  Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS            1712 kg                       stillgelegt
NOAA 13 (I)  9. August 1993           Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS      1712 kg                       stillgelegt
NOAA 14 (J)  30. Dezember 1994    Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS      1712 kg                       stillgelegt
NOAA 15 (K) 13. Mai 1998  Vandenberg SLC-4W Titan-2(23)G Star-37XFP-ISS
2232 / 1479 kg (Start/Orbit)              operativ
NOAA 16 (L) 21. September 2000   Vandenberg SLC-4W Titan-2(23)G Star-37XFP-ISS          2232 / 1479 kg (Start/Orbit)              2014 stillgelegt
NOAA 17 (M)            24. Juni 2002  Vandenberg SLC-4W Titan-2(23)G Star-37XFP-ISS          2232 / 1479 kg (Start/Orbit)              2013 stillgelegt
NOAA 18 (N) 20. Mai 2005  Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-7320-10C            1419 kg (Orbit)                      operativ
NOAA 19 (N')            6. Februar 2009          Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-7320-10C        1419 kg (Orbit)                      operativ

Weblinks
  Commons: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
o          Offizielle Website (englisch)
o          unwetter.de
o          wekuw.met.fu-berlin.de
o          Aktueller Dürre-Monitor
Einzelnachweise
   NOAA: NOAA Leadership. Abgerufen am 26. Juni 2015 (englisch).
    Offizielle Seite des National Weather Service
    Offizielle Seite des National Ocean Service
    Offizielle Seite des National Marine Fisheries Service
    Offizielle Seite des National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service
    Offizielle Seite des NOAA Research
    Als Behörde der U.S.-Regierung unterliegen alle Veröffentlichungen dem United States Code Chapter 17 (Copyright/Urheberrecht) Paragraf § 105 (Originaltext des Gesetzes): "...an jeglichen Werken der US-Regierung kann kein Copyright (die Urheberschaft des jeweiligen Autors oder dessen Dienststelle bleibt unbestritten, räumt diesem aber keine (Verbots-) Rechte ein) erworben werden...". Was auch immer die Regierung oder eine Behörde der Regierung veröffentlicht ist von Rechts wegen Public Domain. Dies gilt nur für tatsächliche Veröffentlichungen und nicht für unveröffentlichte Erkenntnisse.
   Einstieg in den Download der offiziellen digitalen Seekarten
   ("No systematic change in the number of north Atlantic tropical cyclones during the 20th century") Study: Better Observations, Analyses Detecting Short-Lived Tropical Systems, NOAA Homepage, 11. August 2009
   About JPSS - About JPSS Satellites. In: Webauftritt zum Joint Polar Satellite System. NOAA, abgerufen am 3. Juli 2015.
  Gunters Space Page: NOAA

Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 3. Juni 2016 um 08:56 Uhr geändert.

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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Agency overview
Formed           February 10, 1807; 209 years ago[1]
Reestablished: October 3, 1970; 45 years ago
Preceding agency                  United States Survey of the Coast[2]
Jurisdiction     United States federal government
Headquarters  Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.
Annual budget            US$4.5 billion (2009)
US$4.9 billion (est. 2010)
US$5.6 billion (est. 2011)
Agency executives                Kathryn D. Sullivan, Administrator
           Manson K. Brown, Deputy Administrator
Parent agency U.S. Department of Commerce
Website          www.noaa.gov
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; pronounced /ˈnoʊ.ə/, like "Noah") is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to improve understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its civilian employees, 12,000 as of 2012,[3] NOAA research and operations are supported by 300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps. The current Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere at the Department of Commerce and the agency's administrator is Kathryn D. Sullivan, who was nominated February 28, 2013, and confirmed March 6, 2014.[4]
Purpose and function
 This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
NOAA plays several specific roles in society, the benefits of which extend beyond the US economy and into the larger global community:
           A Supplier of Environmental Information Products. NOAA supplies information to its customers and partners pertaining to the state of the oceans and the atmosphere. This is clearly manifest in the production of weather warnings and forecasts through the National Weather Service, but NOAA's information products extend to climate, ecosystems, and commerce as well.
           A Provider of Environmental Stewardship Services. NOAA is also the steward of U.S. coastal and marine environments. In coordination with federal, state, local, tribal, and international authorities, NOAA manages the use of these environments, regulating fisheries and marine sanctuaries as well as protecting threatened and endangered marine species.
           A Leader in Applied Scientific Research. NOAA is intended to be a source of accurate and objective scientific information in the four particular areas of national and global importance identified above: ecosystems, climate, weather and water, and commerce and transportation.[5]
The five "fundamental activities" are:
           Monitoring and observing Earth systems with instruments and data collection networks.
           Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.
           Assessing and predicting the changes of these systems over time.
           Engaging, advising, and informing the public and partner organizations with important information.
           Managing resources for the betterment of society, economy and environment.[6]
History
 NOAA was formed on October 3, 1970, after Richard Nixon proposed creating a new agency to serve a national need "… for better protection of life and property from natural hazards … for a better understanding of the total environment … [and] for exploration and development leading to the intelligent use of our marine resources ..." NOAA formed a conglomeration of several existing agencies that were among the oldest in the federal government. They were the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, formed in 1807; the Weather Bureau, formed in 1870—Geodetic Survey and Weather Service had been combined by a 1965 consolidation into the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA); and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, formed in 1871. NOAA was established within the Department of Commerce via the Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970.[7] In 2007 NOAA celebrated 200 years of service with its ties to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.[8]
Organizational structure
The NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps is a uniformed service of men and women who operate NOAA ships and aircraft, and serve in scientific and administrative posts.
NOAA works toward its mission through six major line offices, the National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the National Ocean Service (NOS), the National Weather Service (NWS), the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the Office of Marine & Aviation Operations (OMAO).[9] and in addition more than a dozen staff offices, like the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology, the NOAA Central Library, the Office of Program Planning and Integration (PPI).[9]
National Weather Service
The National Weather Service (NWS) is tasked with providing "weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy." This is done through a collection of national and regional centers, 13 river forecast centers (RFCs), and more than 120 local weather forecast offices (WFOs). They are charged with issuing weather and river forecasts, advisories, watches, and warnings on a daily basis. They issue more than 734,000 weather and 850,000 river forecasts, and more than 45,000 severe weather warnings annually. NOAA data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone depletion.[citation needed]
The NWS operates NEXRAD, a nationwide network of Doppler weather radars which can detect precipitation and their velocities. Many of their products are broadcast on NOAA Weather Radio, a network of radio transmitters that broadcasts weather forecasts, severe weather statements, watches and warnings 24 hours a day.[citation needed]
National Ocean Service
The National Ocean Service (NOS) focuses on ensuring that ocean and coastal areas are safe, healthy, and productive. NOS scientists, natural resource managers, and specialists serve America by ensuring safe and efficient marine transportation, promoting innovative solutions to protect coastal communities, and conserving marine and coastal places.[citation needed]
The National Ocean Service is composed of 8 program offices, the Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services,[10] the Coastal Services Center,[11] the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science,[12] the Office of Coast Survey,[13] the Office of National Geodetic Survey,[14] the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries[15] the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management[16] and the Office of Response and Restoration.[17]
There are 2 NOS programs, namely the Mussel Watch Contaminant Monitoring Program and the NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and 2 staff offices, the International Program Office and the Management and Budget Office.
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) was created by NOAA to operate and manage the US environmental satellite programs, and manage NWS data and those of other government agencies and departments.[citation needed] NESDIS's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) archives data collected by the NOAA, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration, and meteorological services around the world and comprises the Center for Weather and Climate (previously NOAA's National Climatic Data Center) and the Center for Coasts, Oceans, and Geophysics (created by a merger of NOAA's National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)).
In 1960 TIROS-1, NOAA's first owned and operated geostationary satellite was launched. Since 1966 NESDIS has managed polar orbiting satellites (POES) and since 1974 it has operated geosynchronous satellites (GOES) . In 1979 NOAA's first polar-orbiting environmental satellite was launched. Current operational satellites include NOAA-15, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, GOES 13, GOES 14, GOES 15, Jason-2 and DSCOVR. In 1983, NOAA assumed operational responsibility for Landsat satellite system.[citation needed] Since May 1998, NESIDS has operated the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites on behalf of the Air Force Weather Agency.[citation needed]
New generations of satellites are developed to succeed the current polar orbiting and geosynchronous satellites, the Joint Polar Satellite System) and GOES-R, which is scheduled for launch in March 2017.[citation needed]
NESDIS runs the Office of Projects, Planning, and Analysis (OPPA)] formerly the Office of Systems Development,[18] the Office of Satellite Ground Systems (formerly the Office of Satellite Operations)[19] the Office of Satellite and Project Operations,[20] the Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR)],[21] the Joint Polar Satellite System Program Office[22] the GOES-R Program Office, the International & Interagency Affairs Office, the Office of Space Commercialization[23] and the Office of System Architecture and Advanced Planning.
National Marine Fisheries Service
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) was initiated in 1871 to protect, study, manage and restore fish. The NMFS has a marine fisheries research lab in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and is home to one of NOAA's five fisheries science centers. Its law enforcement agency is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement based in Silver Spring, Maryland.
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Main article: Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
NOAA's research, conducted through the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), is the driving force behind NOAA environmental products and services that protect life and property and promote economic growth. Research, conducted in OAR laboratories and by extramural programs, focuses on enhancing our understanding of environmental phenomena such as tornadoes, hurricanes, climate variability, solar flares, changes in the ozone, air pollution transport and dispersion,[24][25] El Niño/La Niña events, fisheries productivity, ocean currents, deep sea thermal vents, and coastal ecosystem health. NOAA research also develops innovative technologies and observing systems.
The NOAA Research network consists of seven internal research laboratories, extramural research at 30 Sea Grant university and research programs, six undersea research centers, a research grants program through the Climate Program Office, and 13 cooperative institutes with academia. Through NOAA and its academic partners, thousands of scientists, engineers, technicians, and graduate students participate in furthering our knowledge of natural phenomena that affect the lives of us all.[citation needed]
The Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) is one of the laboratories in the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. It studies processes and develops models relating to climate and air quality, including the transport, dispersion, transformation and removal of pollutants from the ambient atmosphere. The emphasis of the ARL's work is on data interpretation, technology development and transfer. The specific goal of ARL research is to improve and eventually to institutionalize prediction of trends, dispersion of air pollutant plumes, air quality, atmospheric deposition, and related variables.[citation needed]
The Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), is part of NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, located in Miami, Florida. AOML's research spans hurricanes, coastal ecosystems, oceans and human health, climate studies, global carbon systems, and ocean observations. AOML's organizational structure consists of an Office of the Director and three scientific research divisions (Physical Oceanography, Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems, and Hurricane Research). The Office of the Director oversees the Laboratory's scientific programs, as well as its financial, administrative, computer, outreach/education, and facility management services. Research programs are augmented by the Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), a joint enterprise with the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. CIMAS enables AOML and university scientists to collaborate on research areas of mutual interest and facilitates the participation of students and visiting scientists. AOML is a member of a unique community of marine research and educational institutions located on Virginia Key in Miami, Florida.[citation needed]
In 1977 the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) deployed the first successful moored equatorial current meter – the beginning of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean, TAO, array. In 1984 the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere program (TOGA) program began.
National Geodetic Survey
The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is the primary surveying organization in the United States.[citation needed]
National Integrated Drought Information System
The National Integrated Drought Information System is the lead federal agency for the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS).[citation needed]
Office of Program Planning and Integration
The Office of Program Planning and Integration (PPI) was established in June 2002 as the focus for a new corporate management culture at NOAA. PPI was created to address the needs to foster strategic management among NOAA Line and Staff Offices, Goal Teams, Programs, and Councils, support planning activities through greater opportunities for active participation of employees, stakeholders, and partners, build decision support systems based on the goals and outcomes set in NOAA's strategic plan, and g uide managers and employees on program and performance management, the National Environmental Policy Act, and socioeconomic analysis.[citation needed]
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Since 2001, the organization has hosted the senior staff and recent chair, Susan Solomon, of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's working group on climate science.[26]
Flag
 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration flag, flown as a distinguishing mark by all commissioned NOAA ships.
The NOAA flag is a modification of the flag of one of its predecessor organizations, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The Coast and Geodetic Survey's flag, authorized in 1899 and in use until 1970, was blue, with a white circle centered in it and a red triangle centered within the circle. It symbolized the use of triangulation in surveying, and was flown by ships of the Survey.[citation needed]
When NOAA was established in 1970 and the Coast and Geodetic Survey's assets became a part of NOAA, NOAA based its own flag on that of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The NOAA flag is in essence the Coast and Geodetic Survey flag, with the NOAA logo—a circle divided by the silhouette of a seabird into an upper dark blue and a lower light blue section, but with the "NOAA" legend omitted—centered within the red triangle. NOAA ships in commission display the NOAA flag; those with only one mast fly it immediately beneath the ship's commissioning pennant or the personal flag of a civilian official or flag officer if one is aboard the ship, while multimasted vessels fly it at the masthead of the forwardmost mast.[27] NOAA ships fly the same ensign as United States Navy ships but fly the NOAA flag as a distinguishing mark to differentiate themselves from Navy ships.
See also
           Center for Environmental Technology (CET)
           Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP Federation)
           List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
           Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
           Minerals Management Service
           NOAA's Environmental Real-time Observation Network
           NOAA's Virtual World Program
           Office of Naval Research
           Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations
           United States Naval Research Laboratory
           University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System
           Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
           Weather Modification Operations and Research Board
References
  Celebrating 200 Years NOAA website, 2007.
   "About Our Agency | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". Noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
   "BestPlacesToWork.org Agency Report". Best Places to Work. Retrieved 1 Jul 2014.
  "Kathryn Sullivan confirmed as NOAA administrator". NOAA. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  "About the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-05-18.
  "New Priorities for the 21st Century NOAA STRATEGIC PLAN FY 2005 – FY 2010" (PDF). oceanservice.noaa.gov. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Program Planning and Integration, NOAA Strategic Planning. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  "Reorganization Plan 4 - 197 - NOAA Central Library". Lib.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  Shea, Eileen. "A History of NOAA". Department of Commerce Historical Council. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  "Organization | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". Noaa.gov. 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  [1][dead link]
  NOAA Office for Coastal Management ADS Group. "NOAA Office for Coastal Management". Csc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  "Home - NOAA Tides & Currents". Tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov. 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  "Nautical Charts & Pubs". Nauticalcharts.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  "National Geodetic Survey - Home". Geodesy.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  "NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries". Sanctuaries.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
  "Our role is stewardship; our product is science". Response.restoration.noaa.gov. 1989-03-24. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  "NOAA/NESDIS Office of Systems Development Homepage". Osd.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  "NOAA Star : Center for Satellite Applications and Research". Star.nesdis.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  Office of Space Commerce. "Office of Space Commerce | Helping U.S. businesses use the unique medium of space to benefit our economy". Space.commerce.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  Turner, D.B. (1994). Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-023-X. CRCpress.com
  Beychok, M.R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th ed.). author-published. ISBN 0-9644588-0-2. www.air-dispersion.com
  Pearce, Fred, The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth about Global Warming, (2010) Guardian Books, ISBN 978-0-85265-229-9, p. XVIII.
  "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2009.

This page was last modified on 19 May 2016, at 14:58.

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Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oceanic and Atmospheric Research NOAA logo.svg
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration seal
Agency overview
Formed           1841; 175 years ago
Headquarters Montgomery, Maryland, U.S.[1]
Motto OAR's Vision is to deliver NOAA’s future.
OAR's Mission is to conduct research to understand and predict the Earth’s oceans, weather and climate, to advance NOAA science, service and stewardship and transition the results so they are useful to society.
Agency executives    

    Craig McLean, Assistant Administrator
    Dr. Gary Matlock, Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator for Programs and Administration
    Dr. Mike Farrar, Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator for Laboratories and Cooperative Institutes

Website          research.noaa.gov
Remotely operated vehicle Deep Discoverer being prepared for deployment on the Okeanos aft deck. Image courtesy of NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, 2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas.

Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). OAR is also referred to as NOAA Research.

NOAA Research is the research and development arm of NOAA and is the driving force behind NOAA environmental products and services aimed at protecting life and property and promoting sustainable economic growth. Research, conducted by programs within NOAA and through collaborations outside NOAA, focuses on enhancing the understanding of environmental phenomena such as tornadoes, hurricanes, climate variability, changes in the ozone layer, El Niño/La Niña events, fisheries productivity, ocean currents, deep sea thermal vents, and coastal ecosystem health.

The origins of NOAA Research date back more than 200 years with the creation of the Survey of the Coast in 1807 by Thomas Jefferson. The Coast Survey, which became the U.S. Lake Survey office in 1841, was developed to undertake "a hydrographic survey of northwestern [Great] lakes." Research executed by the scientists of this group was innovative and holistic: the first current meters were developed to understand water flow rates, and forecasting techniques were greatly enhanced to predict water levels and the relationship to lakefront property. The same traits of world class, long-term research continue to define NOAA Research today.

The science and technology that NOAA Research produces is not only relevant to society, it anticipates and responds to partners’ needs to demonstrates the value of technologies so that partners can deploy them into their applications. OAR works with end-users to integrate mature technologies (and associated expertise) into larger systems, either in NOAA operations or partner applications, via testbeds, patents, etc.

Organization

NOAA Research is an open research network consisting of seven federal research laboratories, six program offices, sixteen Cooperative Institutes (which are non-federal, non-profit research institutions in 5-10 year collaborative partnerships with NOAA), and 33 university based Sea Grant programs. OAR also relies on work performed at numerous public, private, and academic institutions. Through its laboratories, programs, and external partners, OAR seeks to balance the activities that benefit from the long-term, dedicated capabilities of federal facilities with those that require the diverse expertise of our university partners.

The components and programs of NOAA Research are:

    7 NOAA laboratories
    16 Cooperative Institutes
    NOAA Climate Program Office
    Office of Weather and Air Quality
    NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research
    NOAA National Sea Grant Program
    NOAA Unmanned Aircraft Systems
    NOAA Ocean Acidification Program

What NOAA Research does

Working under the broad themes of Climate, Atmosphere, and Oceans, NOAA scientists study the ocean's depths and the highest reaches of space. NOAA's long-term commitment to conducting preeminent research includes engaging in-house and external talent to:

    Continue to conduct experiments to understand natural processes (physical, geochemical, ecological)
    Build predictive models for use in weather, climate, solar, ocean, and coastal assessments and predictions.
    Develop and deploy new observing technologies to provide data to support predictive models and to document natural variability.
    Develop new analytical and forecast tools to improve weather services and earlier warnings for natural disasters.
    Use new information technology to share information with other federal and academic scientists.
    Prepare scientific assessments and information products to enhance public education and guide governmental action.

Research plans and products are developed in partnership with academia and other federal agencies, and are peer-reviewed and widely distributed. A high premium is placed on external collaboration both domestically and internationally.

NOAA Research has three primary research areas: Climate, Weather and Air Chemistry, and Oceans, Coasts & the Great Lakes.
Climate Research

NOAA's research laboratories, the Climate Program Office, and research partners conduct research into complex climate systems and how they work. The aim of this research is to predict climate variation in the shorter term, for example, cold spells or periods of drought, and over longer terms, such as centuries and beyond.

NOAA scientists are at the forefront of studying climate change and modeling what the effects will be on the Earth. Researchers at NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) have developed the Coupled Hydrosphere-Atmosphere Research Model (CHARM) to enable a valid assessment of the impact of how climate change might affect the climate and ecology of the Great Lakes. The CHARM model provides a realistic surface-atmosphere feedback portrayal, and accounts for runoff from land surfaces. It allows researchers to predict that global warming likely will bring higher temperatures and increased precipitation to the Great Lakes. Development of a second generation of CHARM is underway to help answer questions about greenhouse warming effects on Great Lakes water quantity.

NOAA researchers closely monitor the Earth's atmosphere searching for clues about long-term changes in the global climate. The data collected worldwide by NOAA researchers contributes to the understanding of complex climatic systems and the ability to forecast changes.
Weather and Air Chemistry Research

NOAA Research organizations conduct research on the upper and lower atmosphere as well as the space environment. Their findings form the basis for NOAA's contributions to major national and international environmental programs and agreements.

For instance, improvements in forecast and warning services provided by the National Weather Service are a direct result of NOAA research. Improvements in numerical modeling, observations gathered by satellites and Doppler weather radars (NEXRAD), and sophisticated weather warning and information processing and communications systems, have collectively led to significantly improved severe weather forecasts and warnings.

Other research programs focus on observation and study of the chemical and physical processes of the atmosphere, detecting the effects of pollution on those processes and monitoring and forecasting the phenomena affecting the Sun-Earth environment.
Oceans, Coasts & the Great Lakes Research

NOAA Research, in cooperation with its research partners, explores and investigates ocean habitats and resources. The findings of NOAA researchers contribute to the management of fisheries, conservation of coastlines, and development of a stronger economy through marine products and businesses, such as biotechnology and sustainable aquaculture.

NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in Seattle, Washington, designed Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART-II) technology, which provides two-way communication capabilities, allowing engineers the ability to troubleshoot these systems from the lab and repair them remotely when possible. This capability minimizes system downtime, especially in the harsh winter conditions of the North Pacific, and reduces costs by not having to deploy a ship to make repairs.
Benefits of NOAA Research

Most environmental questions are not easily answered. NOAA is committed to tackling the complex issues that only advanced scientific knowledge can adequately address. NOAA Research seeks to:

    Provide comprehensive knowledge to guide national environmental policy decisions, including better predictions of the climate response to emissions changes, choices for protection of the ozone layer, and alternatives for developing coastal communities;
    Improve environmental services to the nation, including reliable predictions and assessments; and
    Promote economic growth through science for decision-making, new technology, and partnerships with academia and industry.

NOAA Research laboratories

The 7 laboratories that are part of NOAA Research are located throughout the United States near their areas of focus.

    Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) - Miami, FL
    Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) - Silver Spring, MD
    Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) - Boulder, CO
    Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) - Princeton, NJ
    Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) - Ann Arbor, MI
    National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) - Norman, OK
    Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) - Seattle, WA and Newport, OR

The NOAA Research Laboratories conduct an integrated program of research, technology development, and services to improve the understanding of Earth's atmosphere, oceans and inland waters, and to describe and predict changes occurring to them. The laboratories and their field stations are located across the country and around the world.

The laboratories have established formal collaborative agreements with universities/non-profit research institutions to form joint research institutes that are centers of scientific excellence pertaining to the earth's oceans, inland waters, intermountain west, atmosphere, and arctic environment.

Scientific reviews are conducted every five years to evaluate the quality, relevance, and performance of research conducted at the OAR laboratories. These reviews help to strategically position laboratories in their planning of future science and are intended to ensure that OAR laboratory research is linked to the NOAA Next Generation Strategic Plan, remains relevant to the NOAA research mission and its priorities, and is consistent with NOAA planning, programming, and budgeting processes.
Joint Institute research partners

NOAA Research partners with research-oriented universities and institutions to share data and resources to advance the goals of NOAA.

    Cooperative Institute for Climate Science (CICS-P) - Princeton, NJ
    Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites (CICS-M) - College Park, MD
    Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research (CIFAR) - Fairbanks, AK
    Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER) - Ann Arbor, MI
    Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) - Miami, FL
    Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Climate (CIMEC) - La Jolla, CA
    Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS) - Norman, OK
    Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS) - Newport, OR
    Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) - Madison, WI
    Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR) - Woods Hole, MA
    Cooperative Institute for Ocean Exploration, Research, and Technology (CIOERT) - Fort Pierce, FL
    Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) - Fort Collins, CO
    Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) - Boulder, CO
    Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (CIPIR[2]/JIMAR) - Honolulu, HI
    Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) - Seattle, Washington
    Northern Gulf Institute (NGI) - Stennis Space Center, MS

 This page was last modified on 7 June 2016, at 20:27

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