Die National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; deutsch Nationale Ozean- und Atmosphärenbehörde) ist die Wetter- und Ozeanografiebehörde der Vereinigten Staaten. Sie wurde am 3. Oktober 1970 als eine Einrichtung des Handelsministeriums gegründet (Gründer: Richard Nixon), um die nationalen Ozean- und Atmosphärendienste zu koordinieren. Ihr Sitz ist die Bundeshauptstadt Washington, D.C. Der US-Senat bestätigte am 6. März 2014 Kathryn Sullivan als NOAA-Direktorin, nachdem sie schon am 28. Februar 2013 diese Funktion vorläufig übernommen hatte.[1]
Gliederung
Die NOAA besteht aus fünf größeren Organisationen:
o National
Weather Service (NWS)[2]
o National
Ocean Service (NOS)[3] mit seinem
National
Geodetic Survey (NGS)
o National
Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)[4]
o National
Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS)[5]
o NOAA
Research (OAR)[6]
Unterstützt werden diese Teilorganisationen durch das
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps, eine
uniformierte Einheit, die Schiffe und Flugzeuge betreibt und wissenschaftliche
Missionen unterstützt. Die NOAA Corps sind einer der sieben Uniformed Services
of the United States.
Die NOAA ist Mitglied der Internationalen Charta für
Weltraum und Naturkatastrophen.
Programme
Derzeitige Großprogramme sind das OGP & Arctic Research
Program (Climate Program Office), das National Sea Grant College Program und
das Ocean Exploration Program & NOAA's Undersea Research Program (Office of
Ocean Exploration & Research). Bei letzterem wurde auch das
Hydrothermalfeld Lost City im Atlantik näher untersucht.
Unwetter-Alarm-Funk
Mit entsprechend eingerichteten Radioempfängern und/oder
Amateurfunkgeräten kann das National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s
Weather Radio (NWR), der Wetterfunk von NOAA abgehört werden. Zahlreiche
Empfänger verfügen über eine automatische Alarmauswertung, ähnlich dem
deutschen Verkehrsfunk. Ein derartiges Wetterfunksystem ist in Westeuropa nicht
vorhanden.
Kostenlose digitale
Seekarten
Die NOAA ist verpflichtet[7], kostenlos vollständige,
aktuelle digitale Seekarten und Berichtigungen bereitzustellen (zur
Verbesserung der Sicherheit in den nationalen Küstengewässern sowie in allen
Gewässern, für die die NOAA eigene Seekarten erstellt).[8] Die über das
Internet zu beziehenden standardisierten Datensätze sind zum Teil tages- oder
wochenaktuell. Die Weitergabe dieser digitalen Datensammlungen ist ebenfalls
nicht beschränkt, solange dies kostenfrei und in ausschließlich digitaler Form
stattfindet.
Die generellen Ausrüstungs- und Nutzungspflichten mit
geeigneten Papierseekarten bleiben bestehen, so dass es sich formal nur um ein
zusätzliches Angebot handelt. Die digitalen Karten der NOAA werden auf nahezu
allen US-amerikanischen Schiffen genutzt, auf denen der dauerhafte Betrieb
eines Computers und eines GPS-Empfängers technisch vertretbar ist
(Stromversorgung, geschützter Raum für die Elektronik); dies reduzierte die
Zahl der Zwischenfälle durch Navigationsfehler und veraltete Seekarten.
Der Absatz von Papierseekarten nahm – entgegen der Erwartung
– parallel zur Verbreitung der digitalen Seekarten zu, vor allem für
Seegebiete, in denen die digitalen Berichtigungen zu nennenswerten Änderungen
gegenüber der Papierkarte führen. Insbesondere Wassersportler und
Küstenschiffer, die keine regelmäßigen manuellen Berichtigungen ihrer Seekarten
vornehmen, werden durch die offensichtlichen Veränderungen in ihrem Fahrgebiet
zum frühzeitigen Neukauf ihrer Pflichtausrüstung animiert.
NOAA-Satelliten
Als NOAA werden auch
die dem POES-Projekt der NOAA-Behörde zugehörigen Satelliten NOAA-1 bis NOAA-19
bezeichnet. Die NOAA-Satelliten sind LEO-Wettersatelliten der
TIROS-Satellitenreihe, die teilweise baugleiche Instrumente mit dem
europäischen Pendant MetOp haben. Allerdings sind die NOAA-Satelliten schon
seit vielen Jahren produktiv und die Bilder sind für private Zwecke und zu
Lehr- und Forschungszwecken freigegeben. Eine Freigabe für amtliche und
kommerzielle Wetterdienste in Europa war erst mit Inbetriebnahme von MetOp über
die EU-Organisation EUMETSAT möglich, da dann im Gegenzug auch die NOAA-Behörde
auf Daten des Satelliten MetOp zugreifen durfte. Amateur-, Wetter- und
Funkstationen können mit einem Dekoder automatisiert auf die NOAA-Satelliten
zugreifen und dürfen die anschließend nachbearbeiteten Bilder zu
nichtkommerziellen Zwecken ins Internet stellen.
Die Besonderheit der NOAA-Satelliten des POES-Projektes ist,
dass diese in einer polaren Umlaufbahn arbeiten. Durch die geringe Höhe von nur
rund 820 Kilometern ist die Auflösung wesentlich besser als bei geostationären
Wettersatelliten wie GOES oder das europäische Pendant Meteosat. Dagegen
verringert sich durch die niedrige Flughöhe das Blickfeld der Instrumente, so
dass keine große Flächen gleichzeitig erfasst werden können. Im Laufe eines
Tages sieht er jedoch nahezu die gesamte Erdoberfläche. Weiterhin ist die
Schwäche der geostationären gegenüber der polaren Umlaufbahn, dass diese
parallel zum Äquator verläuft. Beobachtungen in der Polregion und im Nordatlantik,
der „Wetterküche“ Europas, sind nur unter einem großen Winkel möglich, was die
Qualität der Bilder weiter reduziert. Diese Schwierigkeiten sind bei einem
Wettersatelliten auf einer polaren Umlaufbahn nicht vorhanden.
Durch höhere Auflösung der Bilder, bessere Beobachtung der
Polar- und Nordatlantikregion und durch Erfassung der Messgrößen
Bodentemperatur und Feuchtigkeitsverteilung war der NOAA-Behörde es mittels der
NOAA-Satelliten möglich, das zuverlässige Vorhersageintervall von drei auf fünf
Tage zu verlängern. Auf Grund der verbesserten Beobachtungsintensität und
-genauigkeit ("improvements in observational tools and analysis
techniques") weist die Behörde in einer Studie nach, dass entgegen
vielerlei Befürchtungen die Anzahl tropischer Wirbelstürme während des 20.
Jahrhunderts im Nord-Atlantik nicht zugenommen hat.[9]
Zusammen mit der NASA entwickelt die NOAA im JPSS-Programm
(Joint Polar Satellite System), ursprünglich ziviler Teil des eingestellten
National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite Systems, eine neue
Generation von Satelliten für polare Orbits. Der 2011 in den Umlauf gebrachte
Satellit Suomi NPP wird als Brücke zur alten Satellitengeneration angesehen.
Für das Jahr 2017 ist der Start des ersten Satelliten der neuen Reihe, JPSS-1,
geplant.[10]
Liste der Satelliten
Siehe auch: Liste der Erdbeobachtungssatelliten
Name Start[11]
Startort Rakete Größe/Masse Bemerkungen Status
NOAA 1 (ITOS A) 11.
Dezember 1970 Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-N6
1,0 x 1,0 x 1,2 m mit
CEP 1 gestartet stillgelegt
NOAA 2 (ITOS D) 15.
Oktober 1972 Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-300 1,0
x 1,0 x 1,2 m mit AMSAT P2A
gestartet stillgelegt
NOAA 3 (ITOS F) 6.
November 1973 Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-300 1,0
x 1,0 x 1,2 m stillgelegt
NOAA 4 (ITOS G) 15.
November 1974 Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-2310 1,0
x 1,0 x 1,2 m mit AMSAT P2B (OSCAR
7), Intasat
stillgelegt
NOAA 5 (ITOS E2) (ex ITOS C) 29.
Juli 1976 Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-2310 1,0 x 1,0 x 1,2 m stillgelegt
NOAA 6 (A) 27. Juni
1979 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS
stillgelegt
NOAA B 29. Mai
1980 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS Fehlstart
NOAA 7 (C)
23. Juni 1981 Vandenberg
SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS stillgelegt
NOAA 8 (E) 28. März
1983 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS 1712 kg stillgelegt
NOAA 9 (F) 12.
Dezember 1984 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS 1712 kg stillgelegt
NOAA 10 (G) 17.
September 1986 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS 1712 kg stillgelegt
NOAA 11 (H) 24.
September 1988 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS 1712 kg stillgelegt
NOAA 12 (D) 14. Mai
1991 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS 1712 kg stillgelegt
NOAA 13 (I) 9. August
1993 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS 1712 kg stillgelegt
NOAA 14 (J) 30.
Dezember 1994 Vandenberg SLC-3W Atlas-F Star-37S-ISS 1712 kg stillgelegt
NOAA 15 (K) 13. Mai
1998 Vandenberg SLC-4W Titan-2(23)G Star-37XFP-ISS
2232 / 1479 kg (Start/Orbit) operativ
NOAA 16 (L) 21.
September 2000 Vandenberg SLC-4W Titan-2(23)G Star-37XFP-ISS 2232 / 1479 kg (Start/Orbit) 2014 stillgelegt
NOAA 17 (M) 24.
Juni 2002 Vandenberg SLC-4W Titan-2(23)G Star-37XFP-ISS 2232 / 1479 kg (Start/Orbit) 2013 stillgelegt
NOAA 18 (N) 20. Mai
2005 Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-7320-10C 1419
kg (Orbit) operativ
NOAA 19 (N') 6.
Februar 2009 Vandenberg SLC-2W Delta-7320-10C 1419
kg (Orbit) operativ
Weblinks
Commons: National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
o Offizielle
Website (englisch)
o unwetter.de
o wekuw.met.fu-berlin.de
o Aktueller
Dürre-Monitor
Einzelnachweise
• NOAA: NOAA
Leadership. Abgerufen am 26. Juni 2015 (englisch).
• Offizielle Seite
des National Weather Service
• Offizielle Seite
des National Ocean Service
• Offizielle Seite
des National Marine Fisheries Service
• Offizielle Seite
des National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service
• Offizielle Seite
des NOAA Research
• Als Behörde der
U.S.-Regierung unterliegen alle Veröffentlichungen dem United States Code
Chapter 17 (Copyright/Urheberrecht) Paragraf § 105 (Originaltext des Gesetzes):
"...an jeglichen Werken der US-Regierung kann kein Copyright (die
Urheberschaft des jeweiligen Autors oder dessen Dienststelle bleibt unbestritten,
räumt diesem aber keine (Verbots-) Rechte ein) erworben werden...". Was
auch immer die Regierung oder eine Behörde der Regierung veröffentlicht ist von
Rechts wegen Public Domain. Dies gilt nur für tatsächliche Veröffentlichungen
und nicht für unveröffentlichte Erkenntnisse.
• Einstieg in den
Download der offiziellen digitalen Seekarten
• ("No
systematic change in the number of north Atlantic tropical cyclones during the
20th century") Study: Better Observations, Analyses Detecting Short-Lived
Tropical Systems, NOAA Homepage, 11. August 2009
• About JPSS - About
JPSS Satellites. In: Webauftritt zum Joint Polar Satellite System. NOAA,
abgerufen am 3. Juli 2015.
• Gunters Space Page:
NOAA
Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 3. Juni 2016 um 08:56 Uhr geändert.
***
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
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Agency overview
Formed February
10, 1807; 209 years ago[1]
Reestablished: October 3, 1970; 45 years ago
Preceding agency • United States Survey of the Coast[2]
Jurisdiction United
States federal government
Headquarters Silver
Spring, Maryland, U.S.
Annual budget US$4.5
billion (2009)
US$4.9 billion (est. 2010)
US$5.6 billion (est. 2011)
Agency executives • Kathryn D. Sullivan, Administrator
• Manson K. Brown, Deputy Administrator
Parent agency U.S. Department of Commerce
Website www.noaa.gov
The National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; pronounced /ˈnoʊ.ə/, like
"Noah") is an American scientific agency within the United States
Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the
atmosphere. NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use
and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to improve
understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its civilian
employees, 12,000 as of 2012,[3] NOAA research and operations are supported by
300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps.
The current Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere at the
Department of Commerce and the agency's administrator is Kathryn D. Sullivan,
who was nominated February 28, 2013, and confirmed March 6, 2014.[4]
Purpose and function
This section does not
cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to
reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April
2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
NOAA plays several specific roles in society, the benefits
of which extend beyond the US economy and into the larger global community:
• A Supplier
of Environmental Information Products. NOAA supplies information to its
customers and partners pertaining to the state of the oceans and the
atmosphere. This is clearly manifest in the production of weather warnings and
forecasts through the National Weather Service, but NOAA's information products
extend to climate, ecosystems, and commerce as well.
• A Provider
of Environmental Stewardship Services. NOAA is also the steward of U.S. coastal
and marine environments. In coordination with federal, state, local, tribal,
and international authorities, NOAA manages the use of these environments,
regulating fisheries and marine sanctuaries as well as protecting threatened
and endangered marine species.
• A Leader in
Applied Scientific Research. NOAA is intended to be a source of accurate and
objective scientific information in the four particular areas of national and
global importance identified above: ecosystems, climate, weather and water, and
commerce and transportation.[5]
The five "fundamental activities" are:
• Monitoring
and observing Earth systems with instruments and data collection networks.
• Understanding
and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.
• Assessing
and predicting the changes of these systems over time.
• Engaging, advising,
and informing the public and partner organizations with important information.
• Managing
resources for the betterment of society, economy and environment.[6]
History
NOAA was formed on
October 3, 1970, after Richard Nixon proposed creating a new agency to serve a
national need "… for better protection of life and property from natural
hazards … for a better understanding of the total environment … [and] for
exploration and development leading to the intelligent use of our marine
resources ..." NOAA formed a conglomeration of several existing agencies
that were among the oldest in the federal government. They were the United
States Coast and Geodetic Survey, formed in 1807; the Weather Bureau, formed in
1870—Geodetic Survey and Weather Service had been combined by a 1965
consolidation into the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA);
and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, formed in 1871. NOAA was established
within the Department of Commerce via the Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970.[7]
In 2007 NOAA celebrated 200 years of service with its ties to the United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey.[8]
Organizational
structure
The NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps is a uniformed service
of men and women who operate NOAA ships and aircraft, and serve in scientific
and administrative posts.
NOAA works toward its mission through six major line
offices, the National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service
(NESDIS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the National Ocean
Service (NOS), the National Weather Service (NWS), the Office of Oceanic and
Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the Office of Marine & Aviation Operations
(OMAO).[9] and in addition more than a dozen staff offices, like the Office of
the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology, the NOAA Central Library, the Office
of Program Planning and Integration (PPI).[9]
National Weather
Service
The National Weather Service (NWS) is tasked with providing
"weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United
States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of
life and property and the enhancement of the national economy." This is
done through a collection of national and regional centers, 13 river forecast
centers (RFCs), and more than 120 local weather forecast offices (WFOs). They
are charged with issuing weather and river forecasts, advisories, watches, and
warnings on a daily basis. They issue more than 734,000 weather and 850,000
river forecasts, and more than 45,000 severe weather warnings annually. NOAA
data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone
depletion.[citation needed]
The NWS operates NEXRAD, a nationwide network of Doppler
weather radars which can detect precipitation and their velocities. Many of
their products are broadcast on NOAA Weather Radio, a network of radio
transmitters that broadcasts weather forecasts, severe weather statements,
watches and warnings 24 hours a day.[citation needed]
National Ocean
Service
The National Ocean Service (NOS) focuses on ensuring that
ocean and coastal areas are safe, healthy, and productive. NOS scientists,
natural resource managers, and specialists serve America by ensuring safe and
efficient marine transportation, promoting innovative solutions to protect
coastal communities, and conserving marine and coastal places.[citation needed]
The National Ocean Service is composed of 8 program offices,
the Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services,[10] the Coastal
Services Center,[11] the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science,[12] the
Office of Coast Survey,[13] the Office of National Geodetic Survey,[14] the
Office of National Marine Sanctuaries[15] the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management[16] and the Office of Response and Restoration.[17]
There are 2 NOS programs, namely the Mussel Watch
Contaminant Monitoring Program and the NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System
(IOOS) and 2 staff offices, the International Program Office and the Management
and Budget Office.
National
Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information
Service (NESDIS) was created by NOAA to operate and manage the US environmental
satellite programs, and manage NWS data and those of other government agencies
and departments.[citation needed] NESDIS's National Centers for Environmental
Information (NCEI) archives data collected by the NOAA, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air
Force, the Federal Aviation Administration, and meteorological services around
the world and comprises the Center for Weather and Climate (previously NOAA's
National Climatic Data Center) and the Center for Coasts, Oceans, and
Geophysics (created by a merger of NOAA's National Coastal Data Development
Center (NCDDC), National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and the National
Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)).
In 1960 TIROS-1, NOAA's first owned and operated
geostationary satellite was launched. Since 1966 NESDIS has managed polar
orbiting satellites (POES) and since 1974 it has operated geosynchronous
satellites (GOES) . In 1979 NOAA's first polar-orbiting environmental satellite
was launched. Current operational satellites include NOAA-15, NOAA-18, NOAA-19,
GOES 13, GOES 14, GOES 15, Jason-2 and DSCOVR. In 1983, NOAA assumed
operational responsibility for Landsat satellite system.[citation needed] Since
May 1998, NESIDS has operated the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
(DMSP) satellites on behalf of the Air Force Weather Agency.[citation needed]
New generations of satellites are developed to succeed the
current polar orbiting and geosynchronous satellites, the Joint Polar Satellite
System) and GOES-R, which is scheduled for launch in March 2017.[citation
needed]
NESDIS runs the Office of Projects, Planning, and Analysis
(OPPA)] formerly the Office of Systems Development,[18] the Office of Satellite
Ground Systems (formerly the Office of Satellite Operations)[19] the Office of
Satellite and Project Operations,[20] the Center for Satellite Applications and
Research (STAR)],[21] the Joint Polar Satellite System Program Office[22] the
GOES-R Program Office, the International & Interagency Affairs Office, the
Office of Space Commercialization[23] and the Office of System Architecture and
Advanced Planning.
National Marine
Fisheries Service
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) was initiated
in 1871 to protect, study, manage and restore fish. The NMFS has a marine
fisheries research lab in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and is home to one of
NOAA's five fisheries science centers. Its law enforcement agency is the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law
Enforcement based in Silver Spring, Maryland.
Office of Oceanic and
Atmospheric Research
Main article: Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
NOAA's research, conducted through the Office of Oceanic and
Atmospheric Research (OAR), is the driving force behind NOAA environmental
products and services that protect life and property and promote economic
growth. Research, conducted in OAR laboratories and by extramural programs,
focuses on enhancing our understanding of environmental phenomena such as
tornadoes, hurricanes, climate variability, solar flares, changes in the ozone,
air pollution transport and dispersion,[24][25] El Niño/La Niña events,
fisheries productivity, ocean currents, deep sea thermal vents, and coastal
ecosystem health. NOAA research also develops innovative technologies and
observing systems.
The NOAA Research network consists of seven internal
research laboratories, extramural research at 30 Sea Grant university and
research programs, six undersea research centers, a research grants program
through the Climate Program Office, and 13 cooperative institutes with
academia. Through NOAA and its academic partners, thousands of scientists,
engineers, technicians, and graduate students participate in furthering our
knowledge of natural phenomena that affect the lives of us all.[citation
needed]
The Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) is one of the
laboratories in the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. It studies
processes and develops models relating to climate and air quality, including
the transport, dispersion, transformation and removal of pollutants from the
ambient atmosphere. The emphasis of the ARL's work is on data interpretation,
technology development and transfer. The specific goal of ARL research is to
improve and eventually to institutionalize prediction of trends, dispersion of
air pollutant plumes, air quality, atmospheric deposition, and related
variables.[citation needed]
The Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
(AOML), is part of NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, located
in Miami, Florida. AOML's research spans hurricanes, coastal ecosystems, oceans
and human health, climate studies, global carbon systems, and ocean
observations. AOML's organizational structure consists of an Office of the
Director and three scientific research divisions (Physical Oceanography, Ocean
Chemistry and Ecosystems, and Hurricane Research). The Office of the Director
oversees the Laboratory's scientific programs, as well as its financial,
administrative, computer, outreach/education, and facility management services.
Research programs are augmented by the Cooperative Institute for Marine and
Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), a joint enterprise with the University of Miami's
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. CIMAS enables AOML and
university scientists to collaborate on research areas of mutual interest and
facilitates the participation of students and visiting scientists. AOML is a
member of a unique community of marine research and educational institutions
located on Virginia Key in Miami, Florida.[citation needed]
In 1977 the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)
deployed the first successful moored equatorial current meter – the beginning
of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean, TAO, array. In 1984 the Tropical Ocean-Global
Atmosphere program (TOGA) program began.
National Geodetic Survey
The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is the primary surveying
organization in the United States.[citation needed]
National Integrated Drought Information System
The National Integrated Drought Information System is the
lead federal agency for the National Integrated Drought Information System
(NIDIS).[citation needed]
Office of Program Planning and Integration
The Office of Program Planning and Integration (PPI) was
established in June 2002 as the focus for a new corporate management culture at
NOAA. PPI was created to address the needs to foster strategic management among
NOAA Line and Staff Offices, Goal Teams, Programs, and Councils, support
planning activities through greater opportunities for active participation of
employees, stakeholders, and partners, build decision support systems based on
the goals and outcomes set in NOAA's strategic plan, and g uide managers and
employees on program and performance management, the National Environmental
Policy Act, and socioeconomic analysis.[citation needed]
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change
Since 2001, the organization has hosted the senior staff and
recent chair, Susan Solomon, of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's
working group on climate science.[26]
Flag
The National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration flag, flown as a distinguishing mark by all
commissioned NOAA ships.
The NOAA flag is a modification of the flag of one of its
predecessor organizations, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The
Coast and Geodetic Survey's flag, authorized in 1899 and in use until 1970, was
blue, with a white circle centered in it and a red triangle centered within the
circle. It symbolized the use of triangulation in surveying, and was flown by
ships of the Survey.[citation needed]
When NOAA was established in 1970 and the Coast and Geodetic
Survey's assets became a part of NOAA, NOAA based its own flag on that of the
Coast and Geodetic Survey. The NOAA flag is in essence the Coast and Geodetic
Survey flag, with the NOAA logo—a circle divided by the silhouette of a seabird
into an upper dark blue and a lower light blue section, but with the
"NOAA" legend omitted—centered within the red triangle. NOAA ships in
commission display the NOAA flag; those with only one mast fly it immediately
beneath the ship's commissioning pennant or the personal flag of a civilian
official or flag officer if one is aboard the ship, while multimasted vessels
fly it at the masthead of the forwardmost mast.[27] NOAA ships fly the same
ensign as United States Navy ships but fly the NOAA flag as a distinguishing
mark to differentiate themselves from Navy ships.
See also
• Center for
Environmental Technology (CET)
• Federation
of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP Federation)
• List of
auxiliaries of the United States Navy
• Marine
Mammal Protection Act of 1972
• Minerals
Management Service
• NOAA's
Environmental Real-time Observation Network
• NOAA's
Virtual World Program
• Office of
Naval Research
• Title 15 of
the Code of Federal Regulations
• United
States Naval Research Laboratory
• University-National
Oceanographic Laboratory System
• Volcanic
Ash Advisory Center
• Weather
Modification Operations and Research Board
References
• Celebrating 200
Years NOAA website, 2007.
• "About Our
Agency | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". Noaa.gov.
Retrieved 2016-04-03.
•
"BestPlacesToWork.org Agency Report". Best Places to Work.
Retrieved 1 Jul 2014.
• "Kathryn
Sullivan confirmed as NOAA administrator". NOAA. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
• "About the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)" (PDF). Retrieved
2016-05-18.
• "New
Priorities for the 21st Century NOAA STRATEGIC PLAN FY 2005 – FY 2010"
(PDF). oceanservice.noaa.gov. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Office of Program Planning and Integration, NOAA
Strategic Planning. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
•
"Reorganization Plan 4 - 197 - NOAA Central Library".
Lib.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
• Shea, Eileen.
"A History of NOAA". Department of Commerce Historical Council.
Retrieved 30 May 2013.
• "Organization
| National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". Noaa.gov. 2016-03-30.
Retrieved 2016-04-03.
• [1][dead link]
• NOAA Office for
Coastal Management ADS Group. "NOAA Office for Coastal Management".
Csc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
• "Home - NOAA
Tides & Currents". Tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov. 2013-10-15. Retrieved
2016-04-03.
• "Nautical
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This page was last modified on 19 May 2016, at 14:58.
**
**
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oceanic and Atmospheric Research NOAA logo.svg
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration seal
Agency overview
Formed 1841;
175 years ago
Headquarters Montgomery,
Maryland, U.S.[1]
Motto OAR's Vision is
to deliver NOAA’s future.
OAR's Mission is to conduct research to understand and
predict the Earth’s oceans, weather and climate, to advance NOAA science,
service and stewardship and transition the results so they are useful to
society.
Agency executives
Craig McLean,
Assistant Administrator
Dr. Gary Matlock,
Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator for Programs and Administration
Dr. Mike Farrar,
Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator for Laboratories and Cooperative
Institutes
Website research.noaa.gov
Remotely operated vehicle Deep Discoverer being prepared for
deployment on the Okeanos aft deck. Image courtesy of NOAA's Office of Ocean
Exploration and Research, 2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas.
Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) is a division of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). OAR is also referred to
as NOAA Research.
NOAA Research is the research and development arm of NOAA
and is the driving force behind NOAA environmental products and services aimed
at protecting life and property and promoting sustainable economic growth.
Research, conducted by programs within NOAA and through collaborations outside
NOAA, focuses on enhancing the understanding of environmental phenomena such as
tornadoes, hurricanes, climate variability, changes in the ozone layer, El
Niño/La Niña events, fisheries productivity, ocean currents, deep sea thermal
vents, and coastal ecosystem health.
The origins of NOAA Research date back more than 200 years
with the creation of the Survey of the Coast in 1807 by Thomas Jefferson. The
Coast Survey, which became the U.S. Lake Survey office in 1841, was developed
to undertake "a hydrographic survey of northwestern [Great] lakes."
Research executed by the scientists of this group was innovative and holistic:
the first current meters were developed to understand water flow rates, and
forecasting techniques were greatly enhanced to predict water levels and the
relationship to lakefront property. The same traits of world class, long-term
research continue to define NOAA Research today.
The science and technology that NOAA Research produces is
not only relevant to society, it anticipates and responds to partners’ needs to
demonstrates the value of technologies so that partners can deploy them into
their applications. OAR works with end-users to integrate mature technologies
(and associated expertise) into larger systems, either in NOAA operations or
partner applications, via testbeds, patents, etc.
Organization
NOAA Research is an open research network consisting of
seven federal research laboratories, six program offices, sixteen Cooperative
Institutes (which are non-federal, non-profit research institutions in 5-10
year collaborative partnerships with NOAA), and 33 university based Sea Grant
programs. OAR also relies on work performed at numerous public, private, and
academic institutions. Through its laboratories, programs, and external
partners, OAR seeks to balance the activities that benefit from the long-term,
dedicated capabilities of federal facilities with those that require the
diverse expertise of our university partners.
The components and programs of NOAA Research are:
7 NOAA
laboratories
16 Cooperative
Institutes
NOAA Climate
Program Office
Office of Weather
and Air Quality
NOAA Office of
Ocean Exploration and Research
NOAA National Sea
Grant Program
NOAA Unmanned
Aircraft Systems
NOAA Ocean
Acidification Program
What NOAA Research does
Working under the broad themes of Climate, Atmosphere, and
Oceans, NOAA scientists study the ocean's depths and the highest reaches of
space. NOAA's long-term commitment to conducting preeminent research includes
engaging in-house and external talent to:
Continue to
conduct experiments to understand natural processes (physical, geochemical,
ecological)
Build predictive
models for use in weather, climate, solar, ocean, and coastal assessments and
predictions.
Develop and deploy
new observing technologies to provide data to support predictive models and to
document natural variability.
Develop new
analytical and forecast tools to improve weather services and earlier warnings
for natural disasters.
Use new
information technology to share information with other federal and academic
scientists.
Prepare scientific
assessments and information products to enhance public education and guide
governmental action.
Research plans and products are developed in partnership
with academia and other federal agencies, and are peer-reviewed and widely
distributed. A high premium is placed on external collaboration both
domestically and internationally.
NOAA Research has three primary research areas: Climate,
Weather and Air Chemistry, and Oceans, Coasts & the Great Lakes.
Climate Research
NOAA's research laboratories, the Climate Program Office,
and research partners conduct research into complex climate systems and how
they work. The aim of this research is to predict climate variation in the
shorter term, for example, cold spells or periods of drought, and over longer
terms, such as centuries and beyond.
NOAA scientists are at the forefront of studying climate
change and modeling what the effects will be on the Earth. Researchers at
NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) have developed the
Coupled Hydrosphere-Atmosphere Research Model (CHARM) to enable a valid
assessment of the impact of how climate change might affect the climate and
ecology of the Great Lakes. The CHARM model provides a realistic
surface-atmosphere feedback portrayal, and accounts for runoff from land
surfaces. It allows researchers to predict that global warming likely will
bring higher temperatures and increased precipitation to the Great Lakes.
Development of a second generation of CHARM is underway to help answer
questions about greenhouse warming effects on Great Lakes water quantity.
NOAA researchers closely monitor the Earth's atmosphere
searching for clues about long-term changes in the global climate. The data
collected worldwide by NOAA researchers contributes to the understanding of
complex climatic systems and the ability to forecast changes.
Weather and Air Chemistry Research
NOAA Research organizations conduct research on the upper
and lower atmosphere as well as the space environment. Their findings form the
basis for NOAA's contributions to major national and international
environmental programs and agreements.
For instance, improvements in forecast and warning services
provided by the National Weather Service are a direct result of NOAA research.
Improvements in numerical modeling, observations gathered by satellites and
Doppler weather radars (NEXRAD), and sophisticated weather warning and
information processing and communications systems, have collectively led to
significantly improved severe weather forecasts and warnings.
Other research programs focus on observation and study of
the chemical and physical processes of the atmosphere, detecting the effects of
pollution on those processes and monitoring and forecasting the phenomena
affecting the Sun-Earth environment.
Oceans, Coasts & the Great Lakes Research
NOAA Research, in cooperation with its research partners,
explores and investigates ocean habitats and resources. The findings of NOAA
researchers contribute to the management of fisheries, conservation of
coastlines, and development of a stronger economy through marine products and
businesses, such as biotechnology and sustainable aquaculture.
NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in
Seattle, Washington, designed Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
(DART-II) technology, which provides two-way communication capabilities,
allowing engineers the ability to troubleshoot these systems from the lab and
repair them remotely when possible. This capability minimizes system downtime,
especially in the harsh winter conditions of the North Pacific, and reduces
costs by not having to deploy a ship to make repairs.
Benefits of NOAA Research
Most environmental questions are not easily answered. NOAA
is committed to tackling the complex issues that only advanced scientific
knowledge can adequately address. NOAA Research seeks to:
Provide
comprehensive knowledge to guide national environmental policy decisions,
including better predictions of the climate response to emissions changes,
choices for protection of the ozone layer, and alternatives for developing
coastal communities;
Improve
environmental services to the nation, including reliable predictions and
assessments; and
Promote economic
growth through science for decision-making, new technology, and partnerships
with academia and industry.
NOAA Research laboratories
The 7 laboratories that are part of NOAA Research are
located throughout the United States near their areas of focus.
Atlantic
Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) - Miami, FL
Air Resources
Laboratory (ARL) - Silver Spring, MD
Earth System
Research Laboratory (ESRL) - Boulder, CO
Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) - Princeton, NJ
Great Lakes
Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) - Ann Arbor, MI
National Severe
Storms Laboratory (NSSL) - Norman, OK
Pacific Marine
Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) - Seattle, WA and Newport, OR
The NOAA Research Laboratories conduct an integrated program
of research, technology development, and services to improve the understanding
of Earth's atmosphere, oceans and inland waters, and to describe and predict
changes occurring to them. The laboratories and their field stations are
located across the country and around the world.
The laboratories have established formal collaborative
agreements with universities/non-profit research institutions to form joint
research institutes that are centers of scientific excellence pertaining to the
earth's oceans, inland waters, intermountain west, atmosphere, and arctic
environment.
Scientific reviews are conducted every five years to
evaluate the quality, relevance, and performance of research conducted at the
OAR laboratories. These reviews help to strategically position laboratories in
their planning of future science and are intended to ensure that OAR laboratory
research is linked to the NOAA Next Generation Strategic Plan, remains relevant
to the NOAA research mission and its priorities, and is consistent with NOAA
planning, programming, and budgeting processes.
Joint Institute research partners
NOAA Research partners with research-oriented universities
and institutions to share data and resources to advance the goals of NOAA.
Cooperative
Institute for Climate Science (CICS-P) - Princeton, NJ
Cooperative
Institute for Climate and Satellites (CICS-M) - College Park, MD
Cooperative
Institute for Arctic Research (CIFAR) - Fairbanks, AK
Cooperative
Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER) - Ann Arbor, MI
Cooperative
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) - Miami, FL
Cooperative
Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Climate (CIMEC) - La Jolla, CA
Cooperative
Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS) - Norman, OK
Cooperative
Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS) - Newport, OR
Cooperative
Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) - Madison, WI
Cooperative
Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR) - Woods Hole, MA
Cooperative
Institute for Ocean Exploration, Research, and Technology (CIOERT) - Fort
Pierce, FL
Cooperative
Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) - Fort Collins, CO
Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) - Boulder, CO
Joint Institute
for Marine and Atmospheric Research (CIPIR[2]/JIMAR) - Honolulu, HI
Joint Institute
for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) - Seattle, Washington
Northern Gulf
Institute (NGI) - Stennis Space Center, MS
This page was last modified on 7 June 2016, at 20:27
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